Various factors can affect people’s Opinion about their career future. Considering that women, regardless of their level of health and reproductively, are in need of midwives and their services, hence the current study was conducted to determine the attitude of the midwifery students towards their Professional future. This descriptive study was conducted on all midwifery students at Islamic Azad university of Rasht during the first semester of the academic year in 2012-13. The information was gathered through two-parts questionnaires, which collected both personal information and measurable data regarding their career attitudes. The aggregated data was then analyzed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive and analytical statistics. Moreover, the mean score of students' attitude toward their future career was 34.95±5.81 and the obtained scores were higher than the acceptable scores. Moreover, there were significant relationship between score of career attitude with economical situation, and students' age, but there was not significant relationship between career attitude and the other research variables. Based on the study' results, most of students had a positive view towards their future career. Regarding to the high number of midwifery graduates and fundamental changes in the job market, such a positive outlook can be further reinforced through balanced distribution of human resources, implementing plans to address educational problem, and establishing job counseling centers to support and orient students for their future career.

Background: Currently, the Nepalese law permits organ donation by an individual who falls into the category of a "close relative" of the recipient. There is a need for expansion of the live organ donor pool beside close relatives. Different systems of organ transplantation are followed by several countries and the Professional Opinions that underpin these systems need to be studied.Objective: To generate a questionnaire related to different organ transplant systems and validate it so that it can be used to collect mass Professional Opinions.Methods: Item generation, item reduction, item scaling, and pretesting were used to develop a questionnaire. The final version of the questionnaire was reviewed by experts for its content validity and then was used twice for participants at a 20-day interval to calculate Cronbach’s alpha for testing its internal consistency and Intra-class correlation for testing its test and retest reliability.Results: The questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.701. Intra-class correlation scores for each question in both test and retest were correlated.Conclusion: A valid and reliable questionnaire was developed that can be used to collect mass Professional Opinions to assist policy makers to establish a better organ transplant system.

Background and Aims: The dentist's attire and appearance affects his/her relationships with the patients. It is also essential to sync the Professional attire in dentistry with the habits and Islamic culture of Islamic Republic of Iran, meet the patients' desires, and pay attention to the infection-control-requirements as well. The objective of the present study was to determine the patients' viewpoints about the Professional appearance of the dentists at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dental School in 1395-96. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 103 patients (54 females and 49 males) were studied. (α =0. 05 and standard variation=4. 5). The questionnaire were included color photographies of a female dentist and a male dentist dressed in different attires. The patients were asked to select the cleanest, and the most trustable, competent, and experienced dentist according to the 4 different attires. The frequencies and percentages of the participants’ answers to the questionaire were descriptively reported. Results: All patients preferred dentists to use white coat during their treatment. For the male dentists, most patients (45. 6%) favored simple hair model. For the female dentists, most patients (35. 9%) considered veil as the more acceptable Hejaband, and 54. 4% of them preferred light makeup. Conclusion: All patients preferred their dentists to dress in the Professional attire with a white coat. They believed that wearing formal-Professional-dressing by the dentists may show them look cleaner, and more trustable, more competent, and experienced.

Textbooks are regarded as important elements in learning and curriculum which should be valid in terms of content. This study aims at investigating the readability levels of “socio-economic skills” textbook which is designed for bradyphrenic students. The study was conducted by both descriptive and content analysis methods. The population of this study consisted of the bradyphrenic students and their teachers. The sampling method for the textbook was purposeful for the content and systematic for the pictures. All the items, students and their teachers were used as samples. The materials were cloze test, teacher’s attitude survey, pictures and items list. In order to analyze the data from readability tests, one-way analysis of variance and Post Hoc tests were used. The results showed that the amount of text and pictures coefficient of readability is 50.09% and 53% respectively. The order of items is appropriate with regard to the order of paragraphs so they cause better learning. The items continuation is 4.86% so it is less than appropriate level. All of the texts, pictures and items are designed appropriately and the differences among the teacher’s ideas about the level of readability are statistically significant (P=0.01). In sum, the texts and pictures readability is suitable but the items require more corrections.

Background and purpose: Medical education is a complex process that intends to train the students in situation like they should work in future such as hospital, clinics, health care center and theire oficess.So, first, it should be clear that, how much the curriculum of medical education meets the Professional needs.Method: Questionnaires were designed and distributed among 125 physicians (GP) with one to tow years experience. The questionnaire scaled from 1 to 10 (at least relevance to the most relevance).Results: General practitioners graded the relevancy of content of medical curriculum to Professional needs as 7.03±1.56. They mentioned that the ratio of ambulatory medical education to bedside one was nearly 2.5 to 1. Approximately 73% of them pointed that their needs to ambulatory education were fulfilled: low and very low. Whereas 71% of them mentioned that the amount of fulfillment of bed side education were: enough and very enough.Conclusion: This study showed that the contents of medical curriculum are not completely relevant to GP needs, especialy in basic science. The recommendation is that there needs to be a shift in the emphasis from hospital to the community, and particularly to ambulatory centers.

Aim: This research aimed to assess the understanding, attitudes, and clinical practices of orthodontists and orthodontic residents in managing impacted maxillary canine teeth.Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed orthodontists and residents from nine provinces in Iran. A custom-designed questionnaire evaluated their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the treatment of impacted upper canines. Data analysis involved multiple backward linear regression and Pearson's correlation tests. P-value<0.05 was considered as significant.Results: A total of 96 participants(72 orthodontists and 24 residents) completed the questionnaire. The average knowledge score was 6.41 ± 1.94, and the mean attitude score was 15.9 ± 2.7. A significant positive correlation existed between knowledge and attitude scores (P = 0.001). Participants who saw more patients weekly had higher knowledge scores (P = 0.002), while those with more clinical experience had lower knowledge scores (P = 0.002). Attendance in additional periodontology or oral surgery courses significantly influenced attitudes (P = 0.001). Faculty members preferred apically positioned flaps for labially impacted canines, whereas other participants favored closed exposure techniques (P = 0.025). Clinicians with a higher patient load (P = 0.02) and more experience (P = 0.00) were more inclined to extract the lateral incisor and replace it with the impacted canine.Conclusion: Iranian orthodontists and residents demonstrated above-average knowledge and positive attitudes toward managing impacted maxillary canines.

Introduction: Nursing is a job based on ethical and legal commitments. one of the most significant responsibilities of every nurse is to know the rules and regulations of his/her job. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the nursing personnel attitude about their Professional rules and responsibilities in jahrom hospitals. The data were collected by a two-part questionnaire. The first part contained demographic data and the second part contained 50 questions, 40 of which were about Professional rules and regulations (part one), 7 questions about nursing duties ( part two ) and 3 about committing Professional crimes (part 3). The samples involved all of personnel in 2 hospitals (271). Finally 167 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software The percent of the answers to each question was also determined.Results: The findings showed that 60% of the participants were from astad Motahari hospital (O.M.H ) and 40% from paymanieh hospital ( P.H ).The Mean ago of the samples in (O.M.H) was 33.5 and in P.H was 29. Also the mean range of job time in O.M.H was 11.5 and in P.H was 7.5. 65.3% of personnel had B.S nursing degree and 23.4% were auxiliary nurses. The mean rank of the questionnaire was 25. The mean rank of the knowledge in 2 hospitals was 37.52. In O.M.H it , was 36.88 and in P.H, 38.48% there was a significant difference between the mean rank of knowledge in P.H (M=29.44 SD±3.14) and in O.M.H (M=28.03 SD±2.29) in part one (p =0/000). However, there were no significant difference between the mean rank of knowledge and age, education, marriage job time and type of responsibility.Assessment of the answers to the questions revealed that the knowledge of 135 (80.8%) personnel about taking oral consent and 95( 56.9% ) about the consent of a patiem. seeking help or nursing care over the phone, and 101( 60.5% ) about finding one of the parents and taking the consent before doing any relatively urgent treatment for their children was poor. Also 133 nurses (79.6%) didn't agree damage to the patients due to the negligenle of health care providers. 72 (43.1%) said that if work problems occurred in their workplaces, they didn't know where and to which coust of law to reffer to and 133 (79.6%) said that if there were some Professional problems they wouldn't have been supported by their employers.Conclusion: The results showed that the mean rank of knowledge in three parts was higher than the mean rank of the best but in part one the mean rank of knowledge in P.H was higher than O.M.H. probably one reason is that there are more B.S nursing graduates that work in P.H and pass the nursing ethies course. The knowledge of personnel about some important rules was poor. So the nurses must be educated about some Professional rules and the course of nursing law must be added to nursing curriculum. Also by preparing notebooks and in service education, the knowledge of the personnel must be educated.

One of the viewpoints about bodily resurrection is Ghazali's theory, which believes in the alike of the otherworldly body and the worldly body. On the other hand, Mulla Sadra explained the physical resurrection according to the principles of his philosophical system and concluded that the soul and the body will be the same. Mulla Sadra criticizes Ghazali's theory; He considers the most important criticism of Ghazali's theory to be that it is not compatible with rational principles and that his Opinion requires reincarnation. In this article, we have examined Mulla Sadra's criticisms of Ghazali on the issue of physical resurrection, and following that, we have stated the similarities and differences between the theories of these two thinkers. The similarities and differences between these two theories can be found through the method of intellectual analysis and through the analysis of Mulla Sadra's discussion on Ghazali. Similarities can be seen between the theory of these two thinkers regarding the survival of the soul after death and the intellectual celibacy of the soul, although these two theories are distinct and different from each other in their approach to the nature of the human soul and the relationship between the soul and the body. Therefore, in the quality of the afterlife body, they interpreted it as the similarity or objectivity of the afterlife body with the worldly body, but this difference is in the interpretation, and in fact, the meaning of these two thinkers is the same thing, and that is that the identity between the person in the afterlife and the world is established.

This article consider relation of punitivity and public Opinion with explanation of " public Opinion" and "punitivity" and analyzes effect of public Opinion on tendency to punishment with focus on variables such as age, gender, fear of crime and social believes, and on difference of societies in macro level. Results show that main reason for difference in extent of punitivity between individuals is their ability to Empathetic identification with criminals. In macro level main difference among various societies depends to extent of fear of crime, presence of "crime" and "justice" in campaigns and ways in which crime is covered by media. Moreover results show that punitivity is a complex and multidimensional subject and also to some extent is affected by methods of data collecting and administration of surveys. It is necessary to say that if punishing is not attended by people at high levels or regarded as an unimportant issue, public Opinion may not form about it.